5/18 Notes

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Republic Collapses
  • large estates--> small farmers find it hard to compete, most farmers sold their farms and became homeless
    • brothers Tiberius and Gaius (tribunes)--> tried to help the poor, senators felt threaten by their ideas, both died violent deaths
  • military--> generals start to seize power for themselves, now a military leader (w troops) could take over by force
    • Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey join forces, JC elected consul, dominated Rome as a triumvirate 
  • Caesar: appointed himself governor of Gaul, Pompey ordered Caesar to come home, Caesar doesn't listen, defeats Pompey's army, named dictator for life, dies in 44 B.C.
    • governed as an absolute ruler
    • granted Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces 
    • expanded the senate
    • created jobs
    • started colonies
  • After Caesar's death--> civil war--> Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate
    • Oct forces Lep to retire, Oct and Mark are now rivals, Oct accuses Mark of trying to rule Rome from Egypt, Oct defeats Mark's forces at the Battle of Actium, Oct and Cleopatra commit suicide
    • Octavian becomes Augustus

Vast and Powerful Empire
  • 207 years--> Pax Romana
  • Augustus stabilized the frontier, glorified Rome, created a new system of gov, set up civil service (paid workers to manage affairs of gov)
    • dies in A.D. 14
  • Agriculture: most important industry in the empire, silver coin called a denarius used across the empire
  • vast trading network
The Roman World
  • many slaves, many were conquered people brought back by Roman armies
    • worked in cities and on the farm
  • earliest Roman worshiped numina, Lares were the guardian spirits of each family
    • gov and religion were linked, important gods and goddesses: Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva
  • Social classes = very different
    • the rich: lived extravagantly, had nice houses, gave banquets
    • the poor: daily rations of grain, possibly unemployed




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